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The astrophysics drew a modern picture of the world, based on the signals of light and electromagnetic radiation from stars and other space objects and also from and fantasy of the researchers of these objects play a big role. However, in the laws of light propagation, there is a lack of knowledge about what happens to light and electromagnetic radiation over a long path from radiating objects to an ob

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1

About some misconceptions of astrophysic

Burago Sergey Georgievich

The astrophysics drew a modern picture of the world, based on the signals of light

and electromagnetic radiation from stars and other space objects and also from the

imagination and fantasy of the researchers of these objects play a big role. However, in

the laws of light propagation, there is a lack of knowledge about what happens to light

and electromagnetic radiation over a long path from radiating objects to an observer on

Earth. This can lead to a distorted view of the universe.

The gravitational red shift in the spectra of the stars

In the spectra of stars, a so-called gravitational redshift is observed. The term

"gravitational redshift" is used in the literature as opposed to the term "Cosmological

redshift". The latter is due to the expansion of space after the Big Bang. The term

"gravitational redshift" is associated with a local expansion of the wave of light as it

moves away from a massive body. These terms in the literature are associated with

Einstein's theory of relativity. The formulas obtained in the theory of relativity are

considered the achievement of this theory, since they made it possible to ensure that the

calculations coincide with the data of experimental observations. These experimental

data were known long before the advent of the theory of relativity. To determine the

value of the "Gravitational redshift", Einstein proposed the following formula in the

framework of the theory of relativity [1,2]:

.

2

Cr fm

o

=

λ

(1)

This the formula supported by the observation of the solar spectrum and of the

spectrum of the Sirius satellite having a large weight and a small size. It is one of four

experimental the proof of the validity of the theory of the relativity

We show that this formula can be obtained by using the concept of the light waves,

consisting of a chain of the photons. The photons subject to gravity. It can be shown

that the cause of this the effect are well-studied the tidal forces. This the forces are

causing tides of water of Earth's oceans

We assume that the light wave has a mass of uniformly distributed over its the

length. In each point of the wave (Fig.1), the acceleration of gravity acts j = fm/r

2

. As a

result, the gravitational forces are stretched the wave. Here m - mass of the stars; r -

the radial distance from the center of mass m to the point under consideration of the

light wave. The speed of points of light wave without taking into account the forces of

gravity С = 3⋅ 10

8

m /s. Given the accelerating action of the gravity forces of the stars

2

formula can be written as

V=C+

∫

t

o

dt

r

fm

2

, (2)

Where according to ( Fig.1 )

, tCrr

o

⋅+=

dr

dt =

. (3)

Fig.1

We substitute (3) into (2), and we will be integrate.The Integration constant is zero.

Therefore

rCmfCV

/

(4)

The tidal force gravity of acts on the light wave. In consequence this the light wave

tend to stretch. The speed at which the leading edge will move

forward from rear, is

2

)

)(

()( rC mf

rC mf

C

rC mf

CVVV

zf

⋅

=

−

−−

⋅

−=−=∆

λ

.

Here λ - the wavelength at the initial time in a quiet dark gas. The increment of the

wavelength during the passage from the light source to the observer on the Earth,

taking into account (3), can be written as

∫ ∫ ∫















−===∆=∆

t t

oo

L

r

Lr

C

fm

r

dr

C

fm

r

dt

C

fm

Vdt

02222

.

11

0

λλλ

λ

. (5)

Given that L >> r

o

, we obtain the formula

o

rC mf

2

=

λ

. (6)

This formula is identical to the corresponding Einstein's formula (1) and therefore

we can do not comment her, although more the rigorous view it has the formula (5). In

passing, I would note that the explanation of "gravitational redshift" by gravity and tidal

3

forces well known in earthly practice leaves no room for the effects of the theory of

relativity, whose reliability is proved by this effect itself. Otherwise would have both of

these effects and increase the wavelength ∆λ, obtained experimentally, would be 2

times more. This really is not.

The movement of the light wave about a massive body

About the curved space

In the astronomy, was found that a beam of light is bent passing by the massive

bodies. In the theory of relativity, a formula was proposed to calculate the angle of

deflection of the beam of light passing from the star to the observer about a body with

mass M [1,2]:

2

4

Mf

=

ψ

(7)

where h - the distance between the center of a massive body and of the a ray of light

(Fig.2).

f

- is a constant of the gravitation C- the velocity of the light in the vacuum.

We one can to check this the formula only for the Sun. Therefore, it usually is written

for the mass and radius of the sun. If a ray of the light passes directly next to the surface

of the sun (

o

rh =

, where

o

r

- the radius of the Sun), the maximum deflection of the a ray

of the light beam

57,1

=

o

ψ

. For other a distances, this the value should be corrected by

an amount h/r

o

.

)//(

ooC

rh

ψψ

=

(8)

Fig.2

It is known that Zoldner [1,2] have gaven the solution of the problem of the

bending of the light rays when it passes near a massive body, based on the Newton's

law, in submitting that the wave of the light has a mass. He got the result is half the

angle ψ

о

predicted by Einstein

4

)/(2

2

1

hCfM =

, (9)

587,05,0

1

oo

(10)

Indeed, in accordance with Fig.2 at any time interval dt the light wave passes the

distance

dtCdx

and moves in the direction perpendicular to the distance

dtVdy

r

. There is the acceleration of the gravity of bodies towards the center of the

sun

2

M

fj

r

=

.

f

- is a constant of the gravitation. The rate of the displacement of the

light wave in the direction of the negative axis

is

dtjdV

rr

⋅−=

γ

sin

. Taking into

account considered the relations, the increment of the angle of inclination of the tangent

to the trajectory of the light beam

1

ψ

d

will be equal to the derivative of speed

r

V

by

coordinate

multiplied on the elementary time

dt

dt

Mf

dt

dtj

dt

dV

d

rr 2

1

sin

sin

⋅⋅

−=⋅

⋅⋅

−=⋅=

γ

γ

ψ

(11)

Referring to Fig.2

γ

sin

h

r

=

,

h

h

tg

⋅

==

γ

. from whence

γ

tgC h

t

⋅

=

.

γ

2

sin

⋅

−=

Cdh

dt

. (12)

We substitute them into expression (12) for

1

ψ

d

and we shall integrate it within the

range of γ

1

=π to γ

2

=0. We obtain the rotation angle of the light beam due to the gravity

to center of the star.

∫

=⋅−=

0

22

1

2

sin

π

γγψ

hC

fM

d

hC

fM

. (13)

As a result, we obtained the expression for the rotation angle of the light beam

similar the expression Zoldner, which also considered the light wave subjected to the

force of gravity. He examined the movement of the waves of light as the motion of a

material point in gravity field of the star. However, it was not considered that the weight

of the light wave being continuously and evenly distributed along the length of the

wave in the form of a chain of photons. When you change the angle of rotation of the

wave it acquired the rotational inertia. During the transit time from the star to the Earth

the wave of light in the addition to its the motion along the trajectory by the inertia

revolved. Zoldner and the physicists - his the contemporaries did not realized it.

To understand this, we let us return to the Fig.2 and to the expression (11) for the

elementary rotation angle

1

ψ

d

of the light wave in the time

dt

. These the values

determine the angular velocity of the rotation of the wave at any point of the light beam

d

1

ψ

ω

=

5

2

3

2

1

sinsin

Mf

Mf

d

⋅⋅

−=

⋅⋅

−==

γγ

ψ

ω

(14)

From (15) we are geting an expression for the incremental angle at changing the

angle, which occurs as a result of rotation of the light wave

dt

Mf

dtd

2

3

2

sin

⋅⋅

−=⋅=

γ

ωψ

(15)

Substituting in (14) the value

dt

from (12) we finally obtain an expression to

increase of the angle as a result of the rotation of the light wave

γ

γγ

ωψ

d

Mf

dt

Mf

dtd

⋅⋅

−=

⋅⋅

−=⋅=

22

3

2

sinsin

(16)

We shall have Integrated this the expression between and . We get the value of

the rotation angle of the waves of light for all the time of its motion from a stars near

the Sun to the observer on Earth, caused by inertia of the rotation of the material wave

of a light

hC Mf

d

hC Mf

o

o⋅

⋅

−=⋅

⋅

⋅

=

∫

−2

180

180

2

2

2

sin

γγψ

(17)

Sign (-) on the right side shows that a light beam was passing over the Sun and

deflected downward and is added to the corner .

1

ψ

. As a result, the total rotation angle

of the beam is equal to the sum of the moduli of these the angles

Mf

=+=

2

21

4

ψψψ

(18)

The resulting formula (18) coincides with formula (7) of Einstein's theory of relativity

and, therefore, does not need additional experimental verification and confirmation.

This the result was obtained on the basis of well-known in the human practice of

Newton's the law of gravity and the concept of the rotational inertia of a massive bodies.

He no leaves room for the effects of the relativity, whose the authenticity is proved by

this the effect.

In conclusion, I note that relativists explain the curvature of space around massive

cosmic bodies by the effect of the curvature of a light beam. They believe that the beam

of light is twisted, because he moves in a curved space It is not entirely clear why the

light cannot move in the forward direction, crossing the curved space? In modern

science, the mechanism of interaction of light with space has not been developed at all,

and there are no clear ideas about the physical nature of space. In other words, the

relativists, instead of properly understanding the properties of light, went in a

completely exotic way. In their conclusions, it turned out to be easier for them to make

the space expand and to curvature the space.

But the effect of the curvature of a ray of light, as shown in this article, can be

6

obtained on the basis of Newton's law for gravity and the concept of inertia of rotation

of massive bodies , well known in human practice. At the same time, they are not at all

embarrassed that all this contradicts the earthly practice of man.It is as if some laws of

nature operate on the Earth and in the solar system, but completely different laws

related to the speeds of bodies operate in parts of the Universe far from us. This

contradicts the common sense and experience of mankind. This the study shows that the

beam of light is bent by gravity and forse of inertia. The conclusion about the curvature

of space is wrong.

About the Big Bang

At present, the astrophysics claims that our universe was formed as a result of the

"Big Bang". This belief arose from the astronomical observations of distant galaxies, in

the spectra of which a large redshift was observed, which meant an increase in the

wavelength of light coming from these galaxies to the observer on Earth. The Hubble's

law related the increase in wavelength with the distance to these galaxies. On the basis

of the Doppler law, physics linked the cosmological redshift in the spectra of distant

galaxies with their Active removal from each other , including from the observer on

Earth. In addition, the belief that in the distant past there was a Big Bang is confirmed

by the detected relic radiation and gravitational waves that have survived to our time

after the explosion [2,3].

There are two points of view on what constituted the Big Bang. According to the

first of these, known as the Gamow Big Bang theory (1946), about 15 billion years ago

an ultra-dense elementary particle exploded. From the products of the explosion, our

universe was formed. Since then, it has been continuously expanding and as a result of

this, the galaxies run away from each other and signal it with a red shift in their spectra

in accordance with the Doppler law. Over time, as the distance from the observer on

Earth increases, the expansion rate increases. As galaxies approach the edge of the

visible universe, the wavelength of light increases much faster than predicted by

Hubble's law. After the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the universe, to the

authors of this discovery in 2011 were awarded the Nobel Prize.

The question remained in which condition the matter and energy were in this

superdense elementary particle? It is considered incorrect to ask, what was around this

particle before the explosion and where the universe does expand? Because space and

time in the universe also arose as a result of the Big Bang. It is assumed that the

protons, the neutrons, the positrons, the electrons and other long-lived elementary

particles formed 15 billion years ago and have reached our days unchanged.

The second point of view arose from the insolvency of ideas about the explosion

of a kind of "cosmic egg", which was the explosion of the largest nuclear bomb. This

point of view boils down to the assertion that "space" exploded, and not a material

7

object. At the same time, the authors of this idea do not bother explaining what they

think is a "space" and what can explode in an empty space? The authors of these ideas

need to reckon with the fact that astrophysics today views space as empty, at best filled

with electromagnetic radiation. Within the space available to observations, astronomers

observe the explosions of stars, but do not observe explosions of space between the

stars. According to the second point of view, the expanding space entrains the galaxies.

Because of this, galaxies disperse and, in accordance with the Doppler law, signal this

by extending of the length of the light wave. At the same time the mechanism of

interaction of material objects with space is not developed. Sometimes authors and

supporters of space expansion was agreed with fantastic ideas that space expands, and

galaxies remain in their places and do not scatter, as if they are cemented into their

places. The authors of this view claim that the cosmological redshift is in no way

connected with the Doppler effect and does not explain what in this case causes a

redshift in the spectra of distant galaxies? Therefore, the second point of view is not

better than the first.

The exact edition of the Hubble redshift law

in the spectra of the distant galaxies

The work proposed by us has a different point of view on this phenomenon of

nature. We believe that the whole space is filled with gaseous dark matter [4,5,6]. Light

interacts with dark matter. We believe that the reason for the appearance of ideas about

the expansion of the universe lies in the insufficient knowledge of the properties of

light. The astrophysics does not know what happens to a quantum of light during its

long movement, measured in billions of light years, from a distant star to an observer on

Earth through a space filled with gaseous dark matter. The gap in knowledge allows

various interpretations of this phenomenon, including those considered earlier in this

article. Now in physics and cosmology it is believed that the atoms of baryonic matter

formed as a result of the Big Bang. Since then, and to our days, these atoms have come

down unchanged in its original form. In contrast to these ideas, we have a different view

of this phenomenon of nature. Our representations are based on the idea that

baryon bodies, up to the smallest ones, constantly absorb dark matter from the

surrounding space and, as a result, increase their mass, in accordance with the law

previously obtained by us in [5,6,7]:

kt

o

emm

⋅

⋅=

α

(1)

The value

o

m

is the mass of the body at the time

0

t

, i.e. at the beginning of time.

8

According to [5,6,7], the quantity is

][1097,2

118 −−

⋅=

c

. It was obtained by us from the

analysis of changes in the movement of the Moon that have taken place over the

centuries and has nothing to do with the ideas of expanding the universe [9]. The

expression (1) defines the law of increasing the masses of all bodies of the universe

with increasing time, including photons of light.

Those, we believe that the universe is not as static as the astrophysicists currently

think about it. Over time, not only the living beings, plants, bacteria, viruses are

changing. The inanimate matter, for example, stars, planets, moons, meteorites, up to

atoms and elementary particles also change with time. The reason for these changes lies

in the interaction of all these bodies with dark matter. The knowing this opens up

additional opportunities for understanding the dynamics of the world around us.

We believe that leaving the radiating atom at a speed of

8

103 ⋅=

C

m/s, the

photons of the light wave carry with them the amount of motion

J

. This amount of

motion is equal to the product of the photon mass

o

m

by the speed of light

C

and it

persists until the meeting with the observer

ConstCmCmJ

o

=

⋅==

(20)

During the motion of a light wave from a radiation source to an observer on Earth,

the mass of photons, like all other baryonic bodies, increases with time due to the

absorption of dark matter from the surrounding space according to the revealed law (1).

As the mass grows, the speed of light decreases; as the amount of the movement

remains constant

t

k

t

k

o

oo

e

C

em

Cm

m Cm

C

αα

===

′

(21)

Here

]/[103

8

smC

⋅=

. This speed is the speed of light in a moment

0

t

. This speed

is the same as that of light in terrestrial conditions. The value

118

1097,2

−−

⋅=

s

is very

small [5,6,7]. It was obtained by us from an analysis of the changes in the motion of the

moon occurring during a long time of observations of this cosmic object [9]. The

number of waves passing by the observer's device in one second will be determined by

the expression

λ

λ

λ

ν

α

′

=

⋅

=

=

′C

CC

t

k

(22)

The new wavelength

after time elapses

will

λλ

α

⋅=

′

t

k

e

(23)

The wavelength in the path from the radiation source to the observer on Earth will

9

increase by an amount

)1(

−=−⋅=−

′

=∆

t

k

t

k

ee

αα

λλλλλλ

(24 )

The refined Hubble law for Increments of the length of the light wave in this case

is written in the shape of

11 −=−=

∆

⋅

∗

LH

t

k

ee

α

λ

λ

(25)

This new version of Hubble's law more correctly reflects the realities of the

world around us than the well-known original version of this law.

Returning further to the more accurate form of the Hubble law (25), we note that,

in contrast to the Hubble law, the wavelength increases nonlinearly with time. Закон

Хаббла записывается в виде

tHLH ⋅=⋅=∆

∗

λλ

/

, (26)

here

]/1[103

18

sH

−

×≈

is the Hubble constant,

][10/

126

−−∗

≈= mCHH

,

is the distance

from the galaxy to the Earth,

−= ][ s

L

t

is the time for travel of light from the galaxy to

the Earth.

If in the expression (25) the quantities

tH

e

⋅

and

LH

e

∗

are expanded in a series and

only the first linear terms are retained in these expansions, then we obtain the well-

known linear Hubble law (26). From which it follows that the Hubble law is only the

first approximation to the law (25), which describes the real relationship between

the redshift in the spectra and the time or distance of the spread of light.

As can be seen from formula (25), the red shift in the spectra of galaxies increases

exponentially with increasing distance. The value

λ

is determined from the lines of

the Balmer series in the spectra of the observed objects. Already objects have already

been found [10,11], for which the red shift

λ

tend to 5 and whose the radial velocities

from the earth approach or even exceed the speed of light. In accordance with formulas

(25) and (26), these distance are different. Calculation by the Hubble formula, without

any tweaks, contradicts the modern estimate of the size of the investigated part of the

universe, approximately equal to 15 15 billion light years. For example, we let's

calculate these distance on these formulas (8) for

3 =

λ

. We get

32][103

3

26

26

=⋅==

=

−∗

м

L

habbl

λ

billion light years. (27)

10

Calculation by the formula of the theory of dark matter (25) gives a more correct result.

For example, for

3 =

λ

6,14][1038,1

38,1

1ln

26

26

=⋅==











+

∆

=

−∗

м

L

λ

λ

billion light years, (28)

where 1 billion years is 3,15⋅ 10

16

seconds, 1 billion light years is 9,45⋅ 10

24

m.

Figure 1 illustrates the difference between the distances from the Earth to the

radiating object, determined without taking into account the influence of dark matter on

the propagation of light and taking into account the real influence of dark matter.

Fig. 1

Than more of time a wave of light is moves in transit, then she more intense

increases its length This is explained by a growth of a mass of a photons that make up a

light waves. It is this property of light that leads to a more intense growth of the

wavelength with increasing distance between the observer on Earth and the source of

radiation near the visible edge of the universe. And this does not mean that the universe

is expanding, and does not mean that this expansion happens more intense as it

approaches its outer boundary.

We let us emphasize once again that Hubble's law itself did not claim that the

universe is expanding. He only established a connection between the distance from the

Earth to distant galaxies and the red shift in the spectra of light coming from these

galaxies. The belief that the universe is expanding has already emerged in the course of

the interpretation of this law on the basis of the Doppler law [12]. An analogy was made

between the change in the length of the light wave and the intrinsic rate of removal of

the light source from the observer in accordance with the Doppler law obtained for

propagation of a sound wave in the air atmosphere of the Earth.

11

V

=

λ

. (29)

Here

- is the speed of sound in the calm air. It was a tribute to the past delusion

that light is spreading in space (even empty) in the form of a wave, and not due to the

motion of photons. With reference to the propagation of light, this law was rewritten to

the form

V

=

λ

, (30)

where the speed of sound in the air was replaced by the speed of light. Such an analogy

suited astrophysics until the decoding of spectra from distant galaxies began to give

values

much greater than unity. This meant the exceeding of the speed of removal of

the source of the light "

V

" above the speed of light in the void "

C

", what the theory of

relativity A. Einstein. categorically forbids

Relativists wanted at all costs to remain within of the postulate (dogma) of the

theory of relativity that the speed of bodies can not exceed the limit value of the speed

of light in a vacuum

8

103 ⋅= C

m / s. For this they changed the Doppler law [3]. They

came up with another formula for this law, according to which for any values

1/

the speed can not exceed this limit of value the speed

8

103 ⋅= C

.

1)1(

1)1(

2

2

++

∆

−+

∆

=

λ

λ

λ

λ

C

V

(31)

At the same time relativists did not take care that this formula contained the

Lorentz amendment. Maybe they just could not do it. But without it, it absolutely does

not follow from anywhere that this formula is not a simple fit to justify the inviolability

of the postulate of the theory relativity about the constancy of the speed of light.

Relativists are ready to escape from the real (earthly) understanding of the nature of the

material world and to reconcile with the incredibly huge density of an incomprehensible

object whose explosion qualifies as a Big Bang. In their opinion, this formula should

save the Big Bang theory from collapse.

It means that the modern astrophysics, linking the law of Hubble with the

phenomenon of Doppler, came to a paradoxical conclusion about the large explosion.

According to the theory of the Big Bang, this explosion generated, despite the laws of

physics, a material universe, space and time from an incomprehensible substance of

unthinkable density many times greater than the density of atomic nuclei. There is no

clear answer to the questions about what this substance was, why there was an

explosion, what was around this incomprehensible exploded object.

All this contradicts the earthly practice of mankind, as if there are two physicists-

one for the present time and for the Earth, and the other for a distant past and a fictitious

object with fantastic properties. According to the ideologists of the Big Bang the space

of the Universe is continuously expanding. According to Hubble's law (5.1), the

12

distance should grow linearly depending on the growth of the redshift. Consequently,

the speed of the radial runaway of galaxies (the expansion velocity of the universe) on

the basis of this law should also grow linearly with distance from the Earth. However,

there is a convergence of neighboring galaxies, and not a runaway, and hence no

expansion of space. Near the outer boundaries, space expands much faster than

predicted by Hubble's law. Thus, the base on which the theory of the Big Bang is built

is destroyed.

Hence the conclusion follows that the extensions of the space of the Universe

no takes place. Everything is explained by the properties of light. The main

question that remains is whether the "Big Bang" occurred 15 billion years ago,

signaled by relic radiation and gravitational waves. In this regard, we will describe

our hypothesis about the "Big Bang".

The new representation about the Big Bang

Summarizing what has been said, it can be argued that none of the points of these

view on the phenomenon, called the "Big Bang", can convincingly to explain what

exploded 15 billion years ago and Spawned the universe in accordance with the earthly

practice of man and of the accumulated by physics and astronomy of the knowledges?

Both of these points of view converged on only one thing, that the universe expands

after the explosion. And the expansion of the universe was strange. Galaxy "Milky

Way" and the nearest galaxy "Andromeda" is getting close, but do not disperse and,

therefore, it contradict to the law of Hubble. Far from the Earth, the galaxies. move

away from each other according to the Hubble law, and at a very large distance from the

Earth, near the visible edge of the universe, the galaxies cease to obey the Hubble law

and begin to scatter itself off at an increased speed. There is no explanation for this.

The content of the previous sections of this article could create the impression that

this work completely excludes the possibility of the Big Bang. This is not true. The

astronomers discover relict radiation in space and believe that it originated from the Big

Bang and has reached our days. There are other arguments in favor of the claim that

such an event could have occurred 15 billion years ago. Let's try to draw another picture

of the Big Bang, alternative to the modern picture of this event, pinned in cosmology.

We present our hypothesis about the "Big Bang".

It is based on the idea that baryonic bodies, including the elementary particles are

surrounded by an ocean of dark matter and they constantly absorb gaseous dark matter

from the surrounding space. In this process, the their mass and dimensions increase with

the passage of time [5,6,7]. The radial flow to the centers baryon bodies are unstable

and therefore the vortices was formed around the these bodies. These vortices is forced

atomic nuclei to rotate with high angular speed [13].

13

The nuclei of atoms baryonic matter is rotated very quickly [13]. , because dark gas

is supplied to them with great tangential speed. Apparently, the transition of a dark gas

from gaseous to liquid state (solid) is occurs at the outer boundary of the atoms

(

][10

10

0

mr

−

=

). Here the velocity of jet of a dark gas reaches the speed of light

smC /103

8

⋅=

(in a vacuum). The Angular velocity of rotation is

]/[103

10 103

18

10

8

0

srad

r

C⋅=

⋅

==

−

ω

. The nuclei of atoms have the same speed as the atoms

themselves.

A hydrogen atom has an axis of rotation and has poles respectively. We select the

segment of the core of the atom wide

near the equator, as shown in Fig.1. The mass

of this segment

2/

2

θρ

drrdm

oo

⋅∆=

. This segment has angular velocity. He has a

centrifugal force. (mass center located at a distance

om

rr

2

=

from the axis of rotation)

θρω

drr

r

dmu

dF

oo

o

o

z

⋅∆==

32

2

4

3

2

3

(32)

This force is balanced by the external pressure. It is acting upon the surface segments

θ

drrpdF

oVep

⋅∆⋅⋅=

−, (33)

where the pressure of the dark gas

Ve

p

−

in the jet at a speed

CV

becomes smaller

compared with the pressure

e

p

in the dark gas at a rate

0

V

. These pressures are equal

[13]

][1064,2)1(

25

1

2

max

2

Pa

V

C

pp

к

к

eVe

×=−=

−

−

; The pressure in the calm gaseous dark matter

of the surrounding space was determined by us in [5,6,7] as

][10426,6

25

Pap

e

×=

. The

circumferential velocity at the outer edge of the atom is

]/[103

8

smCru

oo

⋅==⋅=

ω

. The

density of the nucleus of an atom of matter can be expressed by the ratio of its mass m

to the volume

]/[104/3

3183

mkgrm

oo

≈⋅=

πρ

. Segment of nucleus of an atom will be

broken by centrifugal force when it exceeds the pressure force (Fig.2)

1/

.

≥

p бц

dFdF

(34)

We substitute (32) and (33) into (34), We will be obtained the condition of

destruction of atomic nucleus by centrifugal force

1

)1(16

9

1

2

max

2

2

≥

−⋅

=

− к

к

too

p

z

V

C

pr

m

dF

dF

π

ω

(35)

14

Fig.2

The hydrogen atom (Nucleon) and pressure in a dark gase characterized by the

following parameters: mass is

][10673,1

27

kgm

−

×=

, angular velocity is

][103

118

−

×= s

ω

, the

core radius is

][10

15

mr

o−

=

, the radius of the atom is

mr

A10

10

−

=

, the pressure in the dark

gas [6,13]

]/[10426,6

225

mHp

eo −

×=

. For a nucleus of a hydrogen atom we have (35)

10187,0/

.

<=

p

бц

dFdF

. Consequently, the nucleus of an atom can not be broken by

centrifugal forces.

The transition process gaseous dark matter into the liquid phase at the boundary

of the atoms increases their weight and dimensions. Next we estimate how long it took

to fill the nucleus of atom by liquid dark matter to its present size. From expression

(19) the growth rate is determined

m

dm

=

. (36)

The mass of atom in accordance with the law (19) increases in time not uniform.

As the average value of this increase will take the value of

m

dm

mdl

7,0)( =

. The mass

of atom considering this value will be increased in the time interval in accordance with

the expression is

t

dm

m

mdl

∆= )(

. The present value of the mass of atom of hydrogen

][1067,1

27

kgm

−

⋅=

. This mass accumulates over time

][3,15][1048,0

)(

18

Gyrs

dt

dm

m

t

mdl

=⋅==∆

.

This time is of the order of the life of the universe from birth to the present day.

Liquid dark matter fills the nuclei of atoms for a long time. The mass of an atomic

nucleus will increase in accordance with the law (1). The process of filling of atomic

core with liquid dark matter will increase the weight and volume to the limit value. As a

result, the condition for the destruction of the atomic nucleus by centrifugal forces will

come (12).

A further increase in mass will lead to the destruction of atoms in the entire

universe. For all matter in the universe annihilation of a substance can occur at the

same time (by astronomical standards). It is likely that this will be accompanied by

15

a simultaneous explosion. This will be the Big Bang. At the same time, of course,

there is no need for the explosion of a single "super-dense elementary particle," the

structure of which even the most violent imagination could not imagine. Do not also

need an explosion of empty space with its subsequent expansion?

In this case, the Big Bang will start everywhere, as if on a signal from the clock

mechanism installed in each atom. Matter as a result of this explosion will decay into

free atoms of a dark gas. The entire field of dark gas will be agitated by the explosion

and the vortex begin formation will immediately, that is, the transformation of the dark

gas into matter. The process can be repeated an infinite number of times.

You can try to estimate how much time is left until the next "Big Bang". To do

this, we use the condition of the destruction of the nucleus of an atom (35). In this case,

we take into account that with increasing time, the mass of the nucleus of an atom will

increase in accordance with the law

t

k

o

emm

α

=

. With increasing mass, the core radius

will grow in accordance with the expression

3

4

3

o

t

k

o

em

r

ρπ

α

⋅

=

⋅

. (37)

Angular velocity is not changed, as it has been defined for the circumferential

speed at the far edge of the atom, but not to its nucleus. With these remarks, the

destruction of the state of the nucleus of an atom (hydrogen) takes the form

1

)1(

4

3

16

9

1

2

max

2

3

2

≥

−⋅

⋅

⋅

=

− к

к

eo

o

t

k

o

t

k

o

p

z

V

C

p

em

em

dF

dF

ρπ

π

ω

α

α

(38)

where

3/5

к

,

][10426,6

25

Pap

e

×=

,

]/[103

8

smCu

o

×==

,

][10673,1

27

kgm

o−

×=

,

][103

118 −

⋅= s

ω

,

][1097,2/

118 −−

⋅= sk

α

. Calculations was been shown that this condition is satisfied when

the size of the nucleus of the atom was increased 2.02 times. By that time has passed

][32 Gyrt

..

Thus from the previous "Big Bang" the time was passed

][3,15 Gyr

. The next

"Big Bang" you have to wait more

][32 Gyr

. Thus it is necessary to reckon with the fact

that we had not a exact calculation, but we have a estimate. The values obtained can be

refined.

This hypothesis of the nature of the Big Bang partly coincides with one of the

two previously considered theories of the Big Bang in that the explosion occurs

simultaneously and everywhere in the entire Universe. The fundamental difference is

that not empty space explodes, but all atoms of the baryonic matter of the Universe

or most of it explode as if by a clock signal. But this does not lead to an expansion

of the space of the Universe.

16

"Heat Death" of the Universe

Together with the erroneous theory of the Big Bang in academic science there is

an idea of the "thermal death" of the Universe. In accordance with these ideas, the

universe was born as a result of the Big Bang and after some time must die. What will

happen next? Unknown.

The account of energy accumulation inside baryonic matter due to absorption of

the dark matter may change representation about the "Heat Death" of the Universe. The

ideas about the "Heat Death" were first grounded by W. Thomson in the work "On a

Universal Tendency in Nature to the Dissipation of Mechanical Energy" (Proceedings

of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for April 19, 1852). The idea of heat death stems

from the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy tends to increase in

an isolated system because of the dissipation of mechanical energy, which is converted

to heat. Energy recovery is impossible because the dissipation is an irreversible process.

As a result of strong compression by force of gravity in any star at some instant the

nuclear reactions begin to act and then nuclear processes permanently take place for

billions of years. When the nuclear fuel ends stars fade out of sight, turning into a

lifeless mass. The energy is permanently radiated during the lifetime of stars and

irreversibly dissipates in the surrounding space. So a "Heat Death" of the Universe

permanently comes close (hypothesis of Clausius).

Such a pessimistic view of the nature of the Universe arises if we consider only

one type of matter i.e. the usual (baryonic) matter ignoring another form of matter - dark

matter and interaction between these two kinds of matter. In nature there is a continuum

of dark matter that surrounds the baryons and there are pressure forces, wich generate

the radial flows of gas dark matter towards the centers of barions, replenishing within

them the amount of mass and energy. This permanent creation process is not taken into

account in the analysis of the processes taking place in the stars, planets and other

baryons of the Universe. This leads to a distorted picture of the world and to conception

of the "Heat Death." In reality, the baryonic bodies from the smallest to the biggest are

in permanent change, absorbing the dark matter and energy from the continuum of dark

matter.

In connection with this, I note that the law of mass growth of all baryonic bodies,

including photons of light,

kt

o

emm

⋅

⋅=

α

is universal for the entire Universe. According

to [5,6,7] the quantity

118

1097,2

−−

⋅= c

. This value turned out to be equal to the Hubble

constant. During the absorption by a star of dark matter from the surrounding space, the

radial velocity of the gaseous dark matter on the spherical surface of the stars is

determined by the formula [5,6,7]

/ 4

r e

=

, (39)

17

where

is the distance from the center of the star and is the mass of the star

,

according to [5,6] [

1

c-1], the density of dark matter

1,19 10 /

e

ρ

= ⋅ (in the

parameters of baryonic matter, the density of a gasous dark matter

3.54 10

/

e

ρ

−

= × ).

A dark matter, possessing mass and speed, gets inside cosmic bodies and

introduces in the also a kinetic energy. In this case, the power due to the kinetic energy

of the dark matter introduced into the body will be written for baryonic matter in SI

units in the following form

22

32

2

.

)4(

2

oe

o

погл

r

m

k

V

dt

dm

N⋅⋅

⋅⋅

=⋅=

∗

ρπ

α

α

(40)

where

is the power of a gravitational absorption. The rate of a transformation of a

dark matter into a baryonic matter is determined by the formula [5,6,7]

o

m

dm

=

. (41)

It follows from the formula that, the global Hubble constant

118

1097,2

−−

⋅== s

H

longer is no simply a proportionality coefficient in Hubble's law, but it acquires

the meaning of the speed of transformation of a dark matter into a baryonic matter

when it is absorbed by bodies from the surrounding space. The coefficient of mass

conversion rate [5,6,7]

17

1036,3 ⋅= k

It is interesting to note that the luminosity of stars, that is, the radiation power in

space, depends on the mass and radius of the star. Analysis of the known mass-

luminosity and radius-luminosity diagrams [2,3] showed that for large stars with a

mass of three or more times greater than the mass of the sun, the luminosity is

proportional to the cube of mass and inversely proportional to the fourth power of

the radius of the stars. In accordance with formula (40), the gravitational

absorption power is also proportional to the cube of mass and inversely

proportional to the fourth power of the star radius. Consequently, we can expect

that the luminosity of stars with large masses is proportional to the absorption

capacity, ie is proportional to the gravitational power of the absorption of the

kinetic energy of the jets of the dark gas absorbed by the stars.

We believe that with the phenomenon of energy accumulation considered, the

stars are associated with grandiose explosions in galaxies [2,3,10,11], which

astronomers observe. With these explosions, a huge energy of the order of 10

51

J is

released, equivalent to a simultaneous nuclear explosion of 10 million supernovae. (the

18

energy of the explosion in the galaxy M82). The energy of explosions occurring in radio

galaxies is estimated at 10

57

Joules.

From where this monstrous energy comes , astrophysics can not explain, since the

nuclear energy source is completely inadequate for this (the energy and mass of bodies

are identical and interrelated by the formula E=mC

2

). The transition in helium of matter

of the whole galaxy (m

гал

=10

40

-10

41

kg), consisting entirely of hydrogen, would give,

according to the corresponding Einstein formula , only energy

=

гал

E

m

гал

·C

2

≈10

56

-10

57

J.

(Only part of the mass, the so-called mass defect equal to 1/130 of this mass, passes into

the energy during thermonuclear transformations. Consequently, this energy will be

even smaller

JEE

гал

)10...10(77,0130/.

5554

⋅==

∗

. But such a transition can not be a one-

time process, because this must been realized for billions of years, since the stars in

galaxies are spaced apart from each other at distances of billions of kilometers, and the

rate of transmission of perturbations in the universe from one object to another does not

exceed the speed of light. This simple analysis shows that the source of this energy

released during these mysterious explosions should be a compact cosmic body. But

without the realization that the cosmic bodies interact with the gaseous dark matter

surrounding them and they absorb the energy from the space it is impossible to

understand and explain this phenomenon.

The theory of gaseous dark matter answers on this question. In the "black hole"

gaseous dark matter is converted into a neutron liquid of high density and this occupies

small volume. At the same time, within the "black hole" in the center the galaxy, energy

is accumulated, absorbed from space along with dark matter, as "Black hole" does not

emit energy. Because of the small intrinsic size of the atoms of the dark gas, the process

of absorption of a dark gas and matter is stretched for billions of years, but invariably

ends with the creation of a new substance and its ejection into the expanses of the

Universe. The astronomers on the basis of their observations argue, that It is from the

nuclei of galaxies that there are expirations of the huge masses of the neutral gases. The

calculation by formula (17) allows us to determine the power introduced into the

"supermassive neutron black hole"

Вт

N

дч

39

41029

33918

..

104,0

)10135,1()1019,1(86,932 )10(1097,2 ⋅=

⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅

=

−

(42)

As parameters of the "black hole" the following values are accepted:

Black Hole Mass

kgm

чд

39

10 =

, Black Hole Radius

mr

oчд

10

10135,1 ⋅=

. For 15 billion years

inside a massive "black hole" will accumulate energy.

Дж

NE

дчдч

5616

....

109,11015,315 ⋅=⋅⋅⋅= (43)

By this energy is enough to explain the grandiose explosions in the galaxies

[2,3,10,11], which are observed by astronomers. As already noted, during these

explosions, a huge energy of the order of 10

51

J, equivalent to a simultaneous nuclear

explosion of 10 million supernovae, is released. (the energy of the explosion in the

19

galaxy M82). The energy of explosions occurring in radio galaxies is estimated at about

10

57

Joules. Despite the fact that stars-"black holes" can not be seen, it can be

confidently asserted that they are not lifeless holes or mythical corridors to other

worlds. They continuously accumulate mass and energy. Within them, the substance is

compressed to densities close to the densities of the stars of pulsars and white dwarf

stars (0.4⋅ 10

8

[kg/m

3

]-0,9⋅10

12

[kg/m

3

]).

Thus. supermassive neutron black holes in the centers of galaxies are huge

boilers in which new matter is brewed from dark matter and from absorbed stars

for its further circulation on the expanses of the Universe.

On the problem of warming the Earth's climate

Formula (40) allows us to calculate the power of the heat flux absorbed by the

Earth from space N=1,7⋅ 10

9

[W]. Here: the mass of the Earth

kgm

o24

106 ⋅=

, the radius of

the Earth

mr

o6

104,6 ⋅=

. The earth practically does not radiate energy from itself. This

energy flow increases the internal energy of the Earth's interior. For 1 billion years,

energy is supplied to the interior of the Earth

][1035,5

25

.

JE

погл

⋅=

. Those. for each

kilogram of matter of the Earth, on average, about 10 J.

Apparently, this flow of thermal energy affects the observed increase in volcanic

activity, the movement of lithospheric plates, earthquakes and the warming of the

Earth's climate. However, the increase in subsoil temperature can not be identified with

the everyday notion of climate change and weather on its surface. But the general trend

is that the Earth is warming up. This certainly leaves its imprint on the climate. This

factor is not taken into account among the numerous causes that influence the current

warming of the Earth's climate.

The cycle of matter and energy in the universe

The constant cycle of matter and energy in the universe is explained by the fact

that all baryons exist not in the empty space, but in the continuum of gaseous dark

matter that regulates this cycle. The tremendous energy that stars radiate throughout

their lives and are released during their explosions. does not dissipate irreversibly in the

surrounding space, but passes into the surrounding dark gaseous matter, increasing its

internal energy of chaotic motion of atoms of dark matter. The continuum of dark

matter, as noted earlier in [5,6,7], contains a huge internal energy. The уach cubic meter

of gaseous dark matter contains energy

25

e

×

.

Although the dark gas is invisible, he has no smell, no the taste, we sense it

through a gravity, a inertia, a electromagnetic influences. We, following Einstein,

believe that all fundamental interactions (fundamental interactions is including

20

gravitational forces, inertial forces, nuclear forces, electromagnetism and electroweak

forces) are derived from a Unified field. We believe that it is the dark matter of the

cosmos that is the material Unified field that unites all of the listed fundamental

interactions, and also is includes a cycle exchange of energy between baryon and dark

matter and influences the laws of light propagation in the space between distant stars .

Библиографический список

1. Хвольсон О .Д . Курс физики. Т.1, -М.: ГТТЦ 1934.

2. Бронштэн В .А . Гипотезы о звездах и Вселенной– М.: Наука , 1974.

3. Агекян Т .А . Звезды, галактики, метагалактика .–М .: Наука ,1981.

4. Burago S.G. "Experimental evidence for dark matter universe ".

"Journal of Physical mathematics" Mar.2016. Reference

number: 2090-0902-7-166 3.

5. Burago S.G. Gravity, dark matter and dark energy balance. /Research Papers-

Astronomy/Download/5464 - See more at:

http://gsjournal.net/Science-

Journals/Essays/View/5464#sthash.TTsGd7mF.dpuf. April 25, 2014

6. Burago S.G. About interstellar dark matter and the dark energy of the universe

ResearchGate. Working Paper. Apr 2017

7. Burago S.G. The cosmic objects into the continuum dark matter.

ResearchGate. Working Paper · Jan 2017. Book. pp210.

8. Бураго С. Г. О теории Большого взрыва. ResearchGate.

Working Paper · March 2017.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24427.13607· 03/2017,

9. Уиппл Ф. Земля, Луна и планеты.- М .: Гостехтеоризд, 1948.

10. Покровский Ю .П . Новые и суперновые звезды. М.: Наука , 1985.

11. Гуревич Л .Э . Происхождение галактик и звезд. – М.: Наука, 1983

12. С .Э.Фриш , А .В . Тиморева Курс общей физики. Физматгиз .1961.

13. Burago S.G. About a structure and properties of elementary particles

General Science Journal. Astrophysics. 2014. April 4, 2015. In the

representations about a dark matter. /Research Papers-

Quantum Theory / Particle Physics/Download/6007 April 4, 2015.

14. Бураго С .Г . Космические объекты в океане межзвездной темной материи

ResearchGate. Oct.2016. Book. pp.210

Burago Sergey Georgievich

D.Sc., Prof.

State University of Aerospace Technology, Moscow, Russia

Email: buragosg@yandex.ru

ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.

• Sergey Georgievich Burago

Currently, in the scientific literature there is the statement that 96% of the total amount of the matter in the universe is the so-called the dark matter. It is uniformly fills the entire universe, and it can not be identified with the any observable celestial bodies. It was called the dark matter because it is invisible. No one has not seen in order to it was involved in the gravitational interactions between stars and star clusters. Its existence the astrophysics explains by causes of the background radiation of radio waves. This radiation is detected by radio telescopes at wavelengths of about 7.35 cm. Actually, it is unknown to nothing in addition. The share of the baryonic matter is not more than 4% of all matter in the universe (baryonic matter mainly consists of the heavy elementary particles, neutrons and protons). In connection with this in the science the assumption gaining strength, that in the universe there are two kinds of a matter. One of them is the ordinary baryonic matter, and the other, the so-called a dark matter. It is by primary kind of a matter. There is the evidences and the objections to such a view of nature. To add the arguments in favor of evidence to the existence of a dark matter in the space between the baryon bodies, in this article we shall re-look at the experience of PA Cherenkov 1934 about the luminescence of very fast electrons due to -rays of the radioactive elements as they pass through the liquid. In 1958, to Cherenkov, together with Tamm and Frank was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect."

• Sergey Georgievich Burago

The article develops the ideas expressed in [1,2,5,6]. It is assumed that the universe is filled with dark matter. Dark matter is in a gaseous state. The baryon bodies exist in the ocean of dark matter. Basic elementary particles are in the nature in a free or weakly bound state. These include protons and neutrons that make up an atomic nuclei and electrons, positrons, photons. It is a stable, long-lived particles. They have mass and apart from of neutron, according to modern ideas, are endowed by a positive or negative an electric charge. Photons are also involved in the electromagnetic interaction Within the elementary particles are the solid core. They continually absorb gaseous dark matter from the surrounding space. On the surface there is a phase transformation of large amounts of gaseous dark matter in the small amounts of the liquid (solid). This leads to a constant increase in the mass baryonic matter. The gaseous components of dark matter, flowing down into the nucleus, is folds into the vortex. These vortices are surrounding a solid core. Gaseous dark matter enters into the nucleus of an atom with a large circumferential velocity and spins the nucleus of an atom. We is consider the rotational motion of the nuclei of atoms and other elementary particles as a very important phenomenon that affects many, and perhaps at all in the world order. It is not considered by a science now. In this article we will try to fill this shortageю This article is an attempt to broaden our understanding of the mechanisms of interaction of elementary baryon particles with gas stream of dark matter, based on gas dynamics. Furthermore, is an attempt to better understand the internal structure of the elementary particles,

• Sergey Georgievich Burago

In the article it is assumed that the Universe is filled with a moving dark matter. Objects of usual baryon matter (such as elementary particles, solids, liquids, gases, planets, stars and galaxies) exist in the ocean of dark matter and represent special moving forms of dark matter. All baryons permanently absorb dark matter. At the surface of elementary particles takes place the phase transformation of gaseous dark matter to the liquid and the solid. It leads to the permanent increase of the mass of the baryon matter. From these assumptions follows the law of universal gravity. All major parameters of the gaseous dark matter, namely, density, pressure, velocity, etc. are determined by using the laws of continuum mechanics and the available observation data. It is shown that the stock of dark energy of the Universe (energy of dark matter) is very huge and the dark energy plays the important role in the energy balance of all objects of baryon matter including the galaxies, stars and planets.

Уиппл Ф. Земля, Луна и планеты

• С Г Бураго
• Теории Большого Взрыва
• Researchgate

Бураго С. Г. О теории Большого взрыва. ResearchGate. Working Paper · March 2017. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24427.13607· 03/2017, 9. Уиппл Ф. Земля, Луна и планеты.-М.: Гостехтеоризд, 1948.

Новые и суперновые звезды. М.: Наука, 1985. 11. Гуревич Л.Э. Происхождение галактик и звезд

• Ю П Покровский

Покровский Ю.П. Новые и суперновые звезды. М.: Наука, 1985. 11. Гуревич Л.Э. Происхождение галактик и звезд. -М.: Наука, 1983

Тиморева Курс общей физики. Физматгиз

• С Э Фриш

С.Э.Фриш, А.В. Тиморева Курс общей физики. Физматгиз.1961.

Космические объекты в океане межзвездной темной материи ResearchGate

• С Г Бураго

Бураго С.Г. Космические объекты в океане межзвездной темной материи ResearchGate. Oct.2016. Book. pp.210

Posted by: dannieyen.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330766543_About_some_misconceptions_of_astrophysic