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The astrophysics drew a modern picture of the world, based on the signals of light and electromagnetic radiation from stars and other space objects and also from and fantasy of the researchers of these objects play a big role. However, in the laws of light propagation, there is a lack of knowledge about what happens to light and electromagnetic radiation over a long path from radiating objects to an ob
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1
About some misconceptions of astrophysic
Burago Sergey Georgievich
The astrophysics drew a modern picture of the world, based on the signals of light
and electromagnetic radiation from stars and other space objects and also from the
imagination and fantasy of the researchers of these objects play a big role. However, in
the laws of light propagation, there is a lack of knowledge about what happens to light
and electromagnetic radiation over a long path from radiating objects to an observer on
Earth. This can lead to a distorted view of the universe.
The gravitational red shift in the spectra of the stars
In the spectra of stars, a so-called gravitational redshift is observed. The term
"gravitational redshift" is used in the literature as opposed to the term "Cosmological
redshift". The latter is due to the expansion of space after the Big Bang. The term
"gravitational redshift" is associated with a local expansion of the wave of light as it
moves away from a massive body. These terms in the literature are associated with
Einstein's theory of relativity. The formulas obtained in the theory of relativity are
considered the achievement of this theory, since they made it possible to ensure that the
calculations coincide with the data of experimental observations. These experimental
data were known long before the advent of the theory of relativity. To determine the
value of the "Gravitational redshift", Einstein proposed the following formula in the
framework of the theory of relativity [1,2]:
.
2
Cr fm
o
=
λ
(1)
This the formula supported by the observation of the solar spectrum and of the
spectrum of the Sirius satellite having a large weight and a small size. It is one of four
experimental the proof of the validity of the theory of the relativity
We show that this formula can be obtained by using the concept of the light waves,
consisting of a chain of the photons. The photons subject to gravity. It can be shown
that the cause of this the effect are well-studied the tidal forces. This the forces are
causing tides of water of Earth's oceans
We assume that the light wave has a mass of uniformly distributed over its the
length. In each point of the wave (Fig.1), the acceleration of gravity acts j = fm/r
2
. As a
result, the gravitational forces are stretched the wave. Here m - mass of the stars; r -
the radial distance from the center of mass m to the point under consideration of the
light wave. The speed of points of light wave without taking into account the forces of
gravity С = 3⋅ 10
8
m /s. Given the accelerating action of the gravity forces of the stars
2
formula can be written as
V=C+
∫
t
o
dt
r
fm
2
, (2)
Where according to ( Fig.1 )
, tCrr
o
⋅+=
dr
dt =
. (3)
Fig.1
We substitute (3) into (2), and we will be integrate.The Integration constant is zero.
Therefore
rCmfCV
/
(4)
The tidal force gravity of acts on the light wave. In consequence this the light wave
tend to stretch. The speed at which the leading edge will move
forward from rear, is
2
)
)(
()( rC mf
rC mf
C
rC mf
CVVV
zf
⋅
=
−
−−
⋅
−=−=∆
λ
.
Here λ - the wavelength at the initial time in a quiet dark gas. The increment of the
wavelength during the passage from the light source to the observer on the Earth,
taking into account (3), can be written as
∫ ∫ ∫
−===∆=∆
t t
oo
L
r
Lr
C
fm
r
dr
C
fm
r
dt
C
fm
Vdt
02222
.
11
0
λλλ
λ
. (5)
Given that L >> r
o
, we obtain the formula
o
rC mf
2
=
λ
. (6)
This formula is identical to the corresponding Einstein's formula (1) and therefore
we can do not comment her, although more the rigorous view it has the formula (5). In
passing, I would note that the explanation of "gravitational redshift" by gravity and tidal
3
forces well known in earthly practice leaves no room for the effects of the theory of
relativity, whose reliability is proved by this effect itself. Otherwise would have both of
these effects and increase the wavelength ∆λ, obtained experimentally, would be 2
times more. This really is not.
The movement of the light wave about a massive body
About the curved space
In the astronomy, was found that a beam of light is bent passing by the massive
bodies. In the theory of relativity, a formula was proposed to calculate the angle of
deflection of the beam of light passing from the star to the observer about a body with
mass M [1,2]:
2
4
Mf
=
ψ
(7)
where h - the distance between the center of a massive body and of the a ray of light
(Fig.2).
f
- is a constant of the gravitation C- the velocity of the light in the vacuum.
We one can to check this the formula only for the Sun. Therefore, it usually is written
for the mass and radius of the sun. If a ray of the light passes directly next to the surface
of the sun (
o
rh =
, where
o
r
- the radius of the Sun), the maximum deflection of the a ray
of the light beam
57,1
=
o
ψ
. For other a distances, this the value should be corrected by
an amount h/r
o
.
)//(
ooC
rh
ψψ
=
(8)
Fig.2
It is known that Zoldner [1,2] have gaven the solution of the problem of the
bending of the light rays when it passes near a massive body, based on the Newton's
law, in submitting that the wave of the light has a mass. He got the result is half the
angle ψ
о
predicted by Einstein
4
)/(2
2
1
hCfM =
, (9)
587,05,0
1
oo
(10)
Indeed, in accordance with Fig.2 at any time interval dt the light wave passes the
distance
dtCdx
and moves in the direction perpendicular to the distance
dtVdy
r
. There is the acceleration of the gravity of bodies towards the center of the
sun
2
M
fj
r
=
.
f
- is a constant of the gravitation. The rate of the displacement of the
light wave in the direction of the negative axis
is
dtjdV
rr
⋅−=
γ
sin
. Taking into
account considered the relations, the increment of the angle of inclination of the tangent
to the trajectory of the light beam
1
ψ
d
will be equal to the derivative of speed
r
V
by
coordinate
multiplied on the elementary time
dt
dt
Mf
dt
dtj
dt
dV
d
rr 2
1
sin
sin
⋅⋅
−=⋅
⋅⋅
−=⋅=
γ
γ
ψ
(11)
Referring to Fig.2
γ
sin
h
r
=
,
h
h
tg
⋅
==
γ
. from whence
γ
tgC h
t
⋅
=
.
γ
2
sin
⋅
−=
Cdh
dt
. (12)
We substitute them into expression (12) for
1
ψ
d
and we shall integrate it within the
range of γ
1
=π to γ
2
=0. We obtain the rotation angle of the light beam due to the gravity
to center of the star.
∫
=⋅−=
0
22
1
2
sin
π
γγψ
hC
fM
d
hC
fM
. (13)
As a result, we obtained the expression for the rotation angle of the light beam
similar the expression Zoldner, which also considered the light wave subjected to the
force of gravity. He examined the movement of the waves of light as the motion of a
material point in gravity field of the star. However, it was not considered that the weight
of the light wave being continuously and evenly distributed along the length of the
wave in the form of a chain of photons. When you change the angle of rotation of the
wave it acquired the rotational inertia. During the transit time from the star to the Earth
the wave of light in the addition to its the motion along the trajectory by the inertia
revolved. Zoldner and the physicists - his the contemporaries did not realized it.
To understand this, we let us return to the Fig.2 and to the expression (11) for the
elementary rotation angle
1
ψ
d
of the light wave in the time
dt
. These the values
determine the angular velocity of the rotation of the wave at any point of the light beam
d
1
ψ
ω
=
5
2
3
2
1
sinsin
Mf
Mf
d
⋅⋅
−=
⋅⋅
−==
γγ
ψ
ω
(14)
From (15) we are geting an expression for the incremental angle at changing the
angle, which occurs as a result of rotation of the light wave
dt
Mf
dtd
2
3
2
sin
⋅⋅
−=⋅=
γ
ωψ
(15)
Substituting in (14) the value
dt
from (12) we finally obtain an expression to
increase of the angle as a result of the rotation of the light wave
γ
γγ
ωψ
d
Mf
dt
Mf
dtd
⋅⋅
−=
⋅⋅
−=⋅=
22
3
2
sinsin
(16)
We shall have Integrated this the expression between and . We get the value of
the rotation angle of the waves of light for all the time of its motion from a stars near
the Sun to the observer on Earth, caused by inertia of the rotation of the material wave
of a light
hC Mf
d
hC Mf
o
o⋅
⋅
−=⋅
⋅
⋅
=
∫
−2
180
180
2
2
2
sin
γγψ
(17)
Sign (-) on the right side shows that a light beam was passing over the Sun and
deflected downward and is added to the corner .
1
ψ
. As a result, the total rotation angle
of the beam is equal to the sum of the moduli of these the angles
Mf
=+=
2
21
4
ψψψ
(18)
The resulting formula (18) coincides with formula (7) of Einstein's theory of relativity
and, therefore, does not need additional experimental verification and confirmation.
This the result was obtained on the basis of well-known in the human practice of
Newton's the law of gravity and the concept of the rotational inertia of a massive bodies.
He no leaves room for the effects of the relativity, whose the authenticity is proved by
this the effect.
In conclusion, I note that relativists explain the curvature of space around massive
cosmic bodies by the effect of the curvature of a light beam. They believe that the beam
of light is twisted, because he moves in a curved space It is not entirely clear why the
light cannot move in the forward direction, crossing the curved space? In modern
science, the mechanism of interaction of light with space has not been developed at all,
and there are no clear ideas about the physical nature of space. In other words, the
relativists, instead of properly understanding the properties of light, went in a
completely exotic way. In their conclusions, it turned out to be easier for them to make
the space expand and to curvature the space.
But the effect of the curvature of a ray of light, as shown in this article, can be
6
obtained on the basis of Newton's law for gravity and the concept of inertia of rotation
of massive bodies , well known in human practice. At the same time, they are not at all
embarrassed that all this contradicts the earthly practice of man.It is as if some laws of
nature operate on the Earth and in the solar system, but completely different laws
related to the speeds of bodies operate in parts of the Universe far from us. This
contradicts the common sense and experience of mankind. This the study shows that the
beam of light is bent by gravity and forse of inertia. The conclusion about the curvature
of space is wrong.
About the Big Bang
At present, the astrophysics claims that our universe was formed as a result of the
"Big Bang". This belief arose from the astronomical observations of distant galaxies, in
the spectra of which a large redshift was observed, which meant an increase in the
wavelength of light coming from these galaxies to the observer on Earth. The Hubble's
law related the increase in wavelength with the distance to these galaxies. On the basis
of the Doppler law, physics linked the cosmological redshift in the spectra of distant
galaxies with their Active removal from each other , including from the observer on
Earth. In addition, the belief that in the distant past there was a Big Bang is confirmed
by the detected relic radiation and gravitational waves that have survived to our time
after the explosion [2,3].
There are two points of view on what constituted the Big Bang. According to the
first of these, known as the Gamow Big Bang theory (1946), about 15 billion years ago
an ultra-dense elementary particle exploded. From the products of the explosion, our
universe was formed. Since then, it has been continuously expanding and as a result of
this, the galaxies run away from each other and signal it with a red shift in their spectra
in accordance with the Doppler law. Over time, as the distance from the observer on
Earth increases, the expansion rate increases. As galaxies approach the edge of the
visible universe, the wavelength of light increases much faster than predicted by
Hubble's law. After the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the universe, to the
authors of this discovery in 2011 were awarded the Nobel Prize.
The question remained in which condition the matter and energy were in this
superdense elementary particle? It is considered incorrect to ask, what was around this
particle before the explosion and where the universe does expand? Because space and
time in the universe also arose as a result of the Big Bang. It is assumed that the
protons, the neutrons, the positrons, the electrons and other long-lived elementary
particles formed 15 billion years ago and have reached our days unchanged.
The second point of view arose from the insolvency of ideas about the explosion
of a kind of "cosmic egg", which was the explosion of the largest nuclear bomb. This
point of view boils down to the assertion that "space" exploded, and not a material
7
object. At the same time, the authors of this idea do not bother explaining what they
think is a "space" and what can explode in an empty space? The authors of these ideas
need to reckon with the fact that astrophysics today views space as empty, at best filled
with electromagnetic radiation. Within the space available to observations, astronomers
observe the explosions of stars, but do not observe explosions of space between the
stars. According to the second point of view, the expanding space entrains the galaxies.
Because of this, galaxies disperse and, in accordance with the Doppler law, signal this
by extending of the length of the light wave. At the same time the mechanism of
interaction of material objects with space is not developed. Sometimes authors and
supporters of space expansion was agreed with fantastic ideas that space expands, and
galaxies remain in their places and do not scatter, as if they are cemented into their
places. The authors of this view claim that the cosmological redshift is in no way
connected with the Doppler effect and does not explain what in this case causes a
redshift in the spectra of distant galaxies? Therefore, the second point of view is not
better than the first.
The exact edition of the Hubble redshift law
in the spectra of the distant galaxies
The work proposed by us has a different point of view on this phenomenon of
nature. We believe that the whole space is filled with gaseous dark matter [4,5,6]. Light
interacts with dark matter. We believe that the reason for the appearance of ideas about
the expansion of the universe lies in the insufficient knowledge of the properties of
light. The astrophysics does not know what happens to a quantum of light during its
long movement, measured in billions of light years, from a distant star to an observer on
Earth through a space filled with gaseous dark matter. The gap in knowledge allows
various interpretations of this phenomenon, including those considered earlier in this
article. Now in physics and cosmology it is believed that the atoms of baryonic matter
formed as a result of the Big Bang. Since then, and to our days, these atoms have come
down unchanged in its original form. In contrast to these ideas, we have a different view
of this phenomenon of nature. Our representations are based on the idea that
baryon bodies, up to the smallest ones, constantly absorb dark matter from the
surrounding space and, as a result, increase their mass, in accordance with the law
previously obtained by us in [5,6,7]:
kt
o
emm
⋅
⋅=
α
(1)
The value
o
m
is the mass of the body at the time
0
t
, i.e. at the beginning of time.
8
According to [5,6,7], the quantity is
][1097,2
118 −−
⋅=
c
. It was obtained by us from the
analysis of changes in the movement of the Moon that have taken place over the
centuries and has nothing to do with the ideas of expanding the universe [9]. The
expression (1) defines the law of increasing the masses of all bodies of the universe
with increasing time, including photons of light.
Those, we believe that the universe is not as static as the astrophysicists currently
think about it. Over time, not only the living beings, plants, bacteria, viruses are
changing. The inanimate matter, for example, stars, planets, moons, meteorites, up to
atoms and elementary particles also change with time. The reason for these changes lies
in the interaction of all these bodies with dark matter. The knowing this opens up
additional opportunities for understanding the dynamics of the world around us.
We believe that leaving the radiating atom at a speed of
8
103 ⋅=
C
m/s, the
photons of the light wave carry with them the amount of motion
J
. This amount of
motion is equal to the product of the photon mass
o
m
by the speed of light
C
and it
persists until the meeting with the observer
ConstCmCmJ
o
=
⋅==
(20)
During the motion of a light wave from a radiation source to an observer on Earth,
the mass of photons, like all other baryonic bodies, increases with time due to the
absorption of dark matter from the surrounding space according to the revealed law (1).
As the mass grows, the speed of light decreases; as the amount of the movement
remains constant
t
k
t
k
o
oo
e
C
em
Cm
m Cm
C
αα
===
′
(21)
Here
]/[103
8
smC
⋅=
. This speed is the speed of light in a moment
0
t
. This speed
is the same as that of light in terrestrial conditions. The value
118
1097,2
−−
⋅=
s
is very
small [5,6,7]. It was obtained by us from an analysis of the changes in the motion of the
moon occurring during a long time of observations of this cosmic object [9]. The
number of waves passing by the observer's device in one second will be determined by
the expression
λ
λ
λ
ν
α
′
=
⋅
=
=
′C
CC
t
k
(22)
The new wavelength
after time elapses
will
λλ
α
⋅=
′
t
k
e
(23)
The wavelength in the path from the radiation source to the observer on Earth will
9
increase by an amount
)1(
−=−⋅=−
′
=∆
t
k
t
k
ee
αα
λλλλλλ
(24 )
The refined Hubble law for Increments of the length of the light wave in this case
is written in the shape of
11 −=−=
∆
⋅
∗
LH
t
k
ee
α
λ
λ
(25)
This new version of Hubble's law more correctly reflects the realities of the
world around us than the well-known original version of this law.
Returning further to the more accurate form of the Hubble law (25), we note that,
in contrast to the Hubble law, the wavelength increases nonlinearly with time. Закон
Хаббла записывается в виде
tHLH ⋅=⋅=∆
∗
λλ
/
, (26)
here
]/1[103
18
sH
−
×≈
is the Hubble constant,
][10/
126
−−∗
≈= mCHH
,
is the distance
from the galaxy to the Earth,
−= ][ s
L
t
is the time for travel of light from the galaxy to
the Earth.
If in the expression (25) the quantities
tH
e
⋅
and
LH
e
∗
are expanded in a series and
only the first linear terms are retained in these expansions, then we obtain the well-
known linear Hubble law (26). From which it follows that the Hubble law is only the
first approximation to the law (25), which describes the real relationship between
the redshift in the spectra and the time or distance of the spread of light.
As can be seen from formula (25), the red shift in the spectra of galaxies increases
exponentially with increasing distance. The value
λ
is determined from the lines of
the Balmer series in the spectra of the observed objects. Already objects have already
been found [10,11], for which the red shift
λ
tend to 5 and whose the radial velocities
from the earth approach or even exceed the speed of light. In accordance with formulas
(25) and (26), these distance are different. Calculation by the Hubble formula, without
any tweaks, contradicts the modern estimate of the size of the investigated part of the
universe, approximately equal to 15 15 billion light years. For example, we let's
calculate these distance on these formulas (8) for
3 =
λ
. We get
32][103
3
26
26
=⋅==
=
−∗
м
L
habbl
λ
billion light years. (27)
10
Calculation by the formula of the theory of dark matter (25) gives a more correct result.
For example, for
3 =
λ
6,14][1038,1
38,1
1ln
26
26
=⋅==
+
∆
=
−∗
м
L
λ
λ
billion light years, (28)
where 1 billion years is 3,15⋅ 10
16
seconds, 1 billion light years is 9,45⋅ 10
24
m.
Figure 1 illustrates the difference between the distances from the Earth to the
radiating object, determined without taking into account the influence of dark matter on
the propagation of light and taking into account the real influence of dark matter.
Fig. 1
Than more of time a wave of light is moves in transit, then she more intense
increases its length This is explained by a growth of a mass of a photons that make up a
light waves. It is this property of light that leads to a more intense growth of the
wavelength with increasing distance between the observer on Earth and the source of
radiation near the visible edge of the universe. And this does not mean that the universe
is expanding, and does not mean that this expansion happens more intense as it
approaches its outer boundary.
We let us emphasize once again that Hubble's law itself did not claim that the
universe is expanding. He only established a connection between the distance from the
Earth to distant galaxies and the red shift in the spectra of light coming from these
galaxies. The belief that the universe is expanding has already emerged in the course of
the interpretation of this law on the basis of the Doppler law [12]. An analogy was made
between the change in the length of the light wave and the intrinsic rate of removal of
the light source from the observer in accordance with the Doppler law obtained for
propagation of a sound wave in the air atmosphere of the Earth.
11
V
=
λ
. (29)
Here
- is the speed of sound in the calm air. It was a tribute to the past delusion
that light is spreading in space (even empty) in the form of a wave, and not due to the
motion of photons. With reference to the propagation of light, this law was rewritten to
the form
V
=
λ
, (30)
where the speed of sound in the air was replaced by the speed of light. Such an analogy
suited astrophysics until the decoding of spectra from distant galaxies began to give
values
much greater than unity. This meant the exceeding of the speed of removal of
the source of the light "
V
" above the speed of light in the void "
C
", what the theory of
relativity A. Einstein. categorically forbids
Relativists wanted at all costs to remain within of the postulate (dogma) of the
theory of relativity that the speed of bodies can not exceed the limit value of the speed
of light in a vacuum
8
103 ⋅= C
m / s. For this they changed the Doppler law [3]. They
came up with another formula for this law, according to which for any values
1/
the speed can not exceed this limit of value the speed
8
103 ⋅= C
.
1)1(
1)1(
2
2
++
∆
−+
∆
=
λ
λ
λ
λ
C
V
(31)
At the same time relativists did not take care that this formula contained the
Lorentz amendment. Maybe they just could not do it. But without it, it absolutely does
not follow from anywhere that this formula is not a simple fit to justify the inviolability
of the postulate of the theory relativity about the constancy of the speed of light.
Relativists are ready to escape from the real (earthly) understanding of the nature of the
material world and to reconcile with the incredibly huge density of an incomprehensible
object whose explosion qualifies as a Big Bang. In their opinion, this formula should
save the Big Bang theory from collapse.
It means that the modern astrophysics, linking the law of Hubble with the
phenomenon of Doppler, came to a paradoxical conclusion about the large explosion.
According to the theory of the Big Bang, this explosion generated, despite the laws of
physics, a material universe, space and time from an incomprehensible substance of
unthinkable density many times greater than the density of atomic nuclei. There is no
clear answer to the questions about what this substance was, why there was an
explosion, what was around this incomprehensible exploded object.
All this contradicts the earthly practice of mankind, as if there are two physicists-
one for the present time and for the Earth, and the other for a distant past and a fictitious
object with fantastic properties. According to the ideologists of the Big Bang the space
of the Universe is continuously expanding. According to Hubble's law (5.1), the
12
distance should grow linearly depending on the growth of the redshift. Consequently,
the speed of the radial runaway of galaxies (the expansion velocity of the universe) on
the basis of this law should also grow linearly with distance from the Earth. However,
there is a convergence of neighboring galaxies, and not a runaway, and hence no
expansion of space. Near the outer boundaries, space expands much faster than
predicted by Hubble's law. Thus, the base on which the theory of the Big Bang is built
is destroyed.
Hence the conclusion follows that the extensions of the space of the Universe
no takes place. Everything is explained by the properties of light. The main
question that remains is whether the "Big Bang" occurred 15 billion years ago,
signaled by relic radiation and gravitational waves. In this regard, we will describe
our hypothesis about the "Big Bang".
The new representation about the Big Bang
Summarizing what has been said, it can be argued that none of the points of these
view on the phenomenon, called the "Big Bang", can convincingly to explain what
exploded 15 billion years ago and Spawned the universe in accordance with the earthly
practice of man and of the accumulated by physics and astronomy of the knowledges?
Both of these points of view converged on only one thing, that the universe expands
after the explosion. And the expansion of the universe was strange. Galaxy "Milky
Way" and the nearest galaxy "Andromeda" is getting close, but do not disperse and,
therefore, it contradict to the law of Hubble. Far from the Earth, the galaxies. move
away from each other according to the Hubble law, and at a very large distance from the
Earth, near the visible edge of the universe, the galaxies cease to obey the Hubble law
and begin to scatter itself off at an increased speed. There is no explanation for this.
The content of the previous sections of this article could create the impression that
this work completely excludes the possibility of the Big Bang. This is not true. The
astronomers discover relict radiation in space and believe that it originated from the Big
Bang and has reached our days. There are other arguments in favor of the claim that
such an event could have occurred 15 billion years ago. Let's try to draw another picture
of the Big Bang, alternative to the modern picture of this event, pinned in cosmology.
We present our hypothesis about the "Big Bang".
It is based on the idea that baryonic bodies, including the elementary particles are
surrounded by an ocean of dark matter and they constantly absorb gaseous dark matter
from the surrounding space. In this process, the their mass and dimensions increase with
the passage of time [5,6,7]. The radial flow to the centers baryon bodies are unstable
and therefore the vortices was formed around the these bodies. These vortices is forced
atomic nuclei to rotate with high angular speed [13].
13
The nuclei of atoms baryonic matter is rotated very quickly [13]. , because dark gas
is supplied to them with great tangential speed. Apparently, the transition of a dark gas
from gaseous to liquid state (solid) is occurs at the outer boundary of the atoms
(
][10
10
0
mr
−
=
). Here the velocity of jet of a dark gas reaches the speed of light
smC /103
8
⋅=
(in a vacuum). The Angular velocity of rotation is
]/[103
10 103
18
10
8
0
srad
r
C⋅=
⋅
==
−
ω
. The nuclei of atoms have the same speed as the atoms
themselves.
A hydrogen atom has an axis of rotation and has poles respectively. We select the
segment of the core of the atom wide
near the equator, as shown in Fig.1. The mass
of this segment
2/
2
θρ
drrdm
oo
⋅∆=
. This segment has angular velocity. He has a
centrifugal force. (mass center located at a distance
om
rr
2
=
from the axis of rotation)
θρω
drr
r
dmu
dF
oo
o
o
z
⋅∆==
32
2
4
3
2
3
(32)
This force is balanced by the external pressure. It is acting upon the surface segments
θ
drrpdF
oVep
⋅∆⋅⋅=
−, (33)
where the pressure of the dark gas
Ve
p
−
in the jet at a speed
CV
becomes smaller
compared with the pressure
e
p
in the dark gas at a rate
0
V
. These pressures are equal
[13]
][1064,2)1(
25
1
2
max
2
Pa
V
C
pp
к
к
eVe
×=−=
−
−
; The pressure in the calm gaseous dark matter
of the surrounding space was determined by us in [5,6,7] as
][10426,6
25
Pap
e
×=
. The
circumferential velocity at the outer edge of the atom is
]/[103
8
smCru
oo
⋅==⋅=
ω
. The
density of the nucleus of an atom of matter can be expressed by the ratio of its mass m
to the volume
]/[104/3
3183
mkgrm
oo
≈⋅=
πρ
. Segment of nucleus of an atom will be
broken by centrifugal force when it exceeds the pressure force (Fig.2)
1/
.
≥
p бц
dFdF
(34)
We substitute (32) and (33) into (34), We will be obtained the condition of
destruction of atomic nucleus by centrifugal force
1
)1(16
9
1
2
max
2
2
≥
−⋅
=
− к
к
too
p
z
V
C
pr
m
dF
dF
π
ω
(35)
14
Fig.2
The hydrogen atom (Nucleon) and pressure in a dark gase characterized by the
following parameters: mass is
][10673,1
27
kgm
−
×=
, angular velocity is
][103
118
−
×= s
ω
, the
core radius is
][10
15
mr
o−
=
, the radius of the atom is
mr
A10
10
−
=
, the pressure in the dark
gas [6,13]
]/[10426,6
225
mHp
eo −
×=
. For a nucleus of a hydrogen atom we have (35)
10187,0/
.
<=
p
бц
dFdF
. Consequently, the nucleus of an atom can not be broken by
centrifugal forces.
The transition process gaseous dark matter into the liquid phase at the boundary
of the atoms increases their weight and dimensions. Next we estimate how long it took
to fill the nucleus of atom by liquid dark matter to its present size. From expression
(19) the growth rate is determined
m
dm
=
. (36)
The mass of atom in accordance with the law (19) increases in time not uniform.
As the average value of this increase will take the value of
m
dm
mdl
7,0)( =
. The mass
of atom considering this value will be increased in the time interval in accordance with
the expression is
t
dm
m
mdl
∆= )(
. The present value of the mass of atom of hydrogen
][1067,1
27
kgm
−
⋅=
. This mass accumulates over time
][3,15][1048,0
)(
18
Gyrs
dt
dm
m
t
mdl
=⋅==∆
.
This time is of the order of the life of the universe from birth to the present day.
Liquid dark matter fills the nuclei of atoms for a long time. The mass of an atomic
nucleus will increase in accordance with the law (1). The process of filling of atomic
core with liquid dark matter will increase the weight and volume to the limit value. As a
result, the condition for the destruction of the atomic nucleus by centrifugal forces will
come (12).
A further increase in mass will lead to the destruction of atoms in the entire
universe. For all matter in the universe annihilation of a substance can occur at the
same time (by astronomical standards). It is likely that this will be accompanied by
15
a simultaneous explosion. This will be the Big Bang. At the same time, of course,
there is no need for the explosion of a single "super-dense elementary particle," the
structure of which even the most violent imagination could not imagine. Do not also
need an explosion of empty space with its subsequent expansion?
In this case, the Big Bang will start everywhere, as if on a signal from the clock
mechanism installed in each atom. Matter as a result of this explosion will decay into
free atoms of a dark gas. The entire field of dark gas will be agitated by the explosion
and the vortex begin formation will immediately, that is, the transformation of the dark
gas into matter. The process can be repeated an infinite number of times.
You can try to estimate how much time is left until the next "Big Bang". To do
this, we use the condition of the destruction of the nucleus of an atom (35). In this case,
we take into account that with increasing time, the mass of the nucleus of an atom will
increase in accordance with the law
t
k
o
emm
α
=
. With increasing mass, the core radius
will grow in accordance with the expression
3
4
3
o
t
k
o
em
r
ρπ
α
⋅
=
⋅
. (37)
Angular velocity is not changed, as it has been defined for the circumferential
speed at the far edge of the atom, but not to its nucleus. With these remarks, the
destruction of the state of the nucleus of an atom (hydrogen) takes the form
1
)1(
4
3
16
9
1
2
max
2
3
2
≥
−⋅
⋅
⋅
=
− к
к
eo
o
t
k
o
t
k
o
p
z
V
C
p
em
em
dF
dF
ρπ
π
ω
α
α
(38)
where
3/5
к
,
][10426,6
25
Pap
e
×=
,
]/[103
8
smCu
o
×==
,
][10673,1
27
kgm
o−
×=
,
][103
118 −
⋅= s
ω
,
][1097,2/
118 −−
⋅= sk
α
. Calculations was been shown that this condition is satisfied when
the size of the nucleus of the atom was increased 2.02 times. By that time has passed
][32 Gyrt
..
Thus from the previous "Big Bang" the time was passed
][3,15 Gyr
. The next
"Big Bang" you have to wait more
][32 Gyr
. Thus it is necessary to reckon with the fact
that we had not a exact calculation, but we have a estimate. The values obtained can be
refined.
This hypothesis of the nature of the Big Bang partly coincides with one of the
two previously considered theories of the Big Bang in that the explosion occurs
simultaneously and everywhere in the entire Universe. The fundamental difference is
that not empty space explodes, but all atoms of the baryonic matter of the Universe
or most of it explode as if by a clock signal. But this does not lead to an expansion
of the space of the Universe.
16
"Heat Death" of the Universe
Together with the erroneous theory of the Big Bang in academic science there is
an idea of the "thermal death" of the Universe. In accordance with these ideas, the
universe was born as a result of the Big Bang and after some time must die. What will
happen next? Unknown.
The account of energy accumulation inside baryonic matter due to absorption of
the dark matter may change representation about the "Heat Death" of the Universe. The
ideas about the "Heat Death" were first grounded by W. Thomson in the work "On a
Universal Tendency in Nature to the Dissipation of Mechanical Energy" (Proceedings
of the Royal Society of Edinburgh for April 19, 1852). The idea of heat death stems
from the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy tends to increase in
an isolated system because of the dissipation of mechanical energy, which is converted
to heat. Energy recovery is impossible because the dissipation is an irreversible process.
As a result of strong compression by force of gravity in any star at some instant the
nuclear reactions begin to act and then nuclear processes permanently take place for
billions of years. When the nuclear fuel ends stars fade out of sight, turning into a
lifeless mass. The energy is permanently radiated during the lifetime of stars and
irreversibly dissipates in the surrounding space. So a "Heat Death" of the Universe
permanently comes close (hypothesis of Clausius).
Such a pessimistic view of the nature of the Universe arises if we consider only
one type of matter i.e. the usual (baryonic) matter ignoring another form of matter - dark
matter and interaction between these two kinds of matter. In nature there is a continuum
of dark matter that surrounds the baryons and there are pressure forces, wich generate
the radial flows of gas dark matter towards the centers of barions, replenishing within
them the amount of mass and energy. This permanent creation process is not taken into
account in the analysis of the processes taking place in the stars, planets and other
baryons of the Universe. This leads to a distorted picture of the world and to conception
of the "Heat Death." In reality, the baryonic bodies from the smallest to the biggest are
in permanent change, absorbing the dark matter and energy from the continuum of dark
matter.
In connection with this, I note that the law of mass growth of all baryonic bodies,
including photons of light,
kt
o
emm
⋅
⋅=
α
is universal for the entire Universe. According
to [5,6,7] the quantity
118
1097,2
−−
⋅= c
. This value turned out to be equal to the Hubble
constant. During the absorption by a star of dark matter from the surrounding space, the
radial velocity of the gaseous dark matter on the spherical surface of the stars is
determined by the formula [5,6,7]
/ 4
r e
=
, (39)
17
where
is the distance from the center of the star and is the mass of the star
,
according to [5,6] [
1
c-1], the density of dark matter
1,19 10 /
e
ρ
= ⋅ (in the
parameters of baryonic matter, the density of a gasous dark matter
3.54 10
/
e
ρ
−
= × ).
A dark matter, possessing mass and speed, gets inside cosmic bodies and
introduces in the also a kinetic energy. In this case, the power due to the kinetic energy
of the dark matter introduced into the body will be written for baryonic matter in SI
units in the following form
22
32
2
.
)4(
2
oe
o
погл
r
m
k
V
dt
dm
N⋅⋅
⋅⋅
=⋅=
∗
ρπ
α
α
(40)
where
is the power of a gravitational absorption. The rate of a transformation of a
dark matter into a baryonic matter is determined by the formula [5,6,7]
o
m
dm
=
. (41)
It follows from the formula that, the global Hubble constant
118
1097,2
−−
⋅== s
H
longer is no simply a proportionality coefficient in Hubble's law, but it acquires
the meaning of the speed of transformation of a dark matter into a baryonic matter
when it is absorbed by bodies from the surrounding space. The coefficient of mass
conversion rate [5,6,7]
17
1036,3 ⋅= k
It is interesting to note that the luminosity of stars, that is, the radiation power in
space, depends on the mass and radius of the star. Analysis of the known mass-
luminosity and radius-luminosity diagrams [2,3] showed that for large stars with a
mass of three or more times greater than the mass of the sun, the luminosity is
proportional to the cube of mass and inversely proportional to the fourth power of
the radius of the stars. In accordance with formula (40), the gravitational
absorption power is also proportional to the cube of mass and inversely
proportional to the fourth power of the star radius. Consequently, we can expect
that the luminosity of stars with large masses is proportional to the absorption
capacity, ie is proportional to the gravitational power of the absorption of the
kinetic energy of the jets of the dark gas absorbed by the stars.
We believe that with the phenomenon of energy accumulation considered, the
stars are associated with grandiose explosions in galaxies [2,3,10,11], which
astronomers observe. With these explosions, a huge energy of the order of 10
51
J is
released, equivalent to a simultaneous nuclear explosion of 10 million supernovae. (the
18
energy of the explosion in the galaxy M82). The energy of explosions occurring in radio
galaxies is estimated at 10
57
Joules.
From where this monstrous energy comes , astrophysics can not explain, since the
nuclear energy source is completely inadequate for this (the energy and mass of bodies
are identical and interrelated by the formula E=mC
2
). The transition in helium of matter
of the whole galaxy (m
гал
=10
40
-10
41
kg), consisting entirely of hydrogen, would give,
according to the corresponding Einstein formula , only energy
=
гал
E
m
гал
·C
2
≈10
56
-10
57
J.
(Only part of the mass, the so-called mass defect equal to 1/130 of this mass, passes into
the energy during thermonuclear transformations. Consequently, this energy will be
even smaller
JEE
гал
)10...10(77,0130/.
5554
⋅==
∗
. But such a transition can not be a one-
time process, because this must been realized for billions of years, since the stars in
galaxies are spaced apart from each other at distances of billions of kilometers, and the
rate of transmission of perturbations in the universe from one object to another does not
exceed the speed of light. This simple analysis shows that the source of this energy
released during these mysterious explosions should be a compact cosmic body. But
without the realization that the cosmic bodies interact with the gaseous dark matter
surrounding them and they absorb the energy from the space it is impossible to
understand and explain this phenomenon.
The theory of gaseous dark matter answers on this question. In the "black hole"
gaseous dark matter is converted into a neutron liquid of high density and this occupies
small volume. At the same time, within the "black hole" in the center the galaxy, energy
is accumulated, absorbed from space along with dark matter, as "Black hole" does not
emit energy. Because of the small intrinsic size of the atoms of the dark gas, the process
of absorption of a dark gas and matter is stretched for billions of years, but invariably
ends with the creation of a new substance and its ejection into the expanses of the
Universe. The astronomers on the basis of their observations argue, that It is from the
nuclei of galaxies that there are expirations of the huge masses of the neutral gases. The
calculation by formula (17) allows us to determine the power introduced into the
"supermassive neutron black hole"
Вт
N
дч
39
41029
33918
..
104,0
)10135,1()1019,1(86,932 )10(1097,2 ⋅=
⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅
=
−
(42)
As parameters of the "black hole" the following values are accepted:
Black Hole Mass
kgm
чд
39
10 =
, Black Hole Radius
mr
oчд
10
10135,1 ⋅=
. For 15 billion years
inside a massive "black hole" will accumulate energy.
Дж
NE
дчдч
5616
....
109,11015,315 ⋅=⋅⋅⋅= (43)
By this energy is enough to explain the grandiose explosions in the galaxies
[2,3,10,11], which are observed by astronomers. As already noted, during these
explosions, a huge energy of the order of 10
51
J, equivalent to a simultaneous nuclear
explosion of 10 million supernovae, is released. (the energy of the explosion in the
19
galaxy M82). The energy of explosions occurring in radio galaxies is estimated at about
10
57
Joules. Despite the fact that stars-"black holes" can not be seen, it can be
confidently asserted that they are not lifeless holes or mythical corridors to other
worlds. They continuously accumulate mass and energy. Within them, the substance is
compressed to densities close to the densities of the stars of pulsars and white dwarf
stars (0.4⋅ 10
8
[kg/m
3
]-0,9⋅10
12
[kg/m
3
]).
Thus. supermassive neutron black holes in the centers of galaxies are huge
boilers in which new matter is brewed from dark matter and from absorbed stars
for its further circulation on the expanses of the Universe.
On the problem of warming the Earth's climate
Formula (40) allows us to calculate the power of the heat flux absorbed by the
Earth from space N=1,7⋅ 10
9
[W]. Here: the mass of the Earth
kgm
o24
106 ⋅=
, the radius of
the Earth
mr
o6
104,6 ⋅=
. The earth practically does not radiate energy from itself. This
energy flow increases the internal energy of the Earth's interior. For 1 billion years,
energy is supplied to the interior of the Earth
][1035,5
25
.
JE
погл
⋅=
. Those. for each
kilogram of matter of the Earth, on average, about 10 J.
Apparently, this flow of thermal energy affects the observed increase in volcanic
activity, the movement of lithospheric plates, earthquakes and the warming of the
Earth's climate. However, the increase in subsoil temperature can not be identified with
the everyday notion of climate change and weather on its surface. But the general trend
is that the Earth is warming up. This certainly leaves its imprint on the climate. This
factor is not taken into account among the numerous causes that influence the current
warming of the Earth's climate.
The cycle of matter and energy in the universe
The constant cycle of matter and energy in the universe is explained by the fact
that all baryons exist not in the empty space, but in the continuum of gaseous dark
matter that regulates this cycle. The tremendous energy that stars radiate throughout
their lives and are released during their explosions. does not dissipate irreversibly in the
surrounding space, but passes into the surrounding dark gaseous matter, increasing its
internal energy of chaotic motion of atoms of dark matter. The continuum of dark
matter, as noted earlier in [5,6,7], contains a huge internal energy. The уach cubic meter
of gaseous dark matter contains energy
25
e
×
.
Although the dark gas is invisible, he has no smell, no the taste, we sense it
through a gravity, a inertia, a electromagnetic influences. We, following Einstein,
believe that all fundamental interactions (fundamental interactions is including
20
gravitational forces, inertial forces, nuclear forces, electromagnetism and electroweak
forces) are derived from a Unified field. We believe that it is the dark matter of the
cosmos that is the material Unified field that unites all of the listed fundamental
interactions, and also is includes a cycle exchange of energy between baryon and dark
matter and influences the laws of light propagation in the space between distant stars .
Библиографический список
1. Хвольсон О .Д . Курс физики. Т.1, -М.: ГТТЦ 1934.
2. Бронштэн В .А . Гипотезы о звездах и Вселенной– М.: Наука , 1974.
3. Агекян Т .А . Звезды, галактики, метагалактика .–М .: Наука ,1981.
4. Burago S.G. "Experimental evidence for dark matter universe ".
"Journal of Physical mathematics" Mar.2016. Reference
number: 2090-0902-7-166 3.
5. Burago S.G. Gravity, dark matter and dark energy balance. /Research Papers-
Astronomy/Download/5464 - See more at:
http://gsjournal.net/Science-
Journals/Essays/View/5464#sthash.TTsGd7mF.dpuf. April 25, 2014
6. Burago S.G. About interstellar dark matter and the dark energy of the universe
ResearchGate. Working Paper. Apr 2017
7. Burago S.G. The cosmic objects into the continuum dark matter.
ResearchGate. Working Paper · Jan 2017. Book. pp210.
8. Бураго С. Г. О теории Большого взрыва. ResearchGate.
Working Paper · March 2017.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24427.13607· 03/2017,
9. Уиппл Ф. Земля, Луна и планеты.- М .: Гостехтеоризд, 1948.
10. Покровский Ю .П . Новые и суперновые звезды. М.: Наука , 1985.
11. Гуревич Л .Э . Происхождение галактик и звезд. – М.: Наука, 1983
12. С .Э.Фриш , А .В . Тиморева Курс общей физики. Физматгиз .1961.
13. Burago S.G. About a structure and properties of elementary particles
General Science Journal. Astrophysics. 2014. April 4, 2015. In the
representations about a dark matter. /Research Papers-
Quantum Theory / Particle Physics/Download/6007 April 4, 2015.
14. Бураго С .Г . Космические объекты в океане межзвездной темной материи
ResearchGate. Oct.2016. Book. pp.210
Burago Sergey Georgievich
D.Sc., Prof.
State University of Aerospace Technology, Moscow, Russia
Email: buragosg@yandex.ru
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
-
![Sergey Georgievich Burago]()
Currently, in the scientific literature there is the statement that 96% of the total amount of the matter in the universe is the so-called the dark matter. It is uniformly fills the entire universe, and it can not be identified with the any observable celestial bodies. It was called the dark matter because it is invisible. No one has not seen in order to it was involved in the gravitational interactions between stars and star clusters. Its existence the astrophysics explains by causes of the background radiation of radio waves. This radiation is detected by radio telescopes at wavelengths of about 7.35 cm. Actually, it is unknown to nothing in addition. The share of the baryonic matter is not more than 4% of all matter in the universe (baryonic matter mainly consists of the heavy elementary particles, neutrons and protons). In connection with this in the science the assumption gaining strength, that in the universe there are two kinds of a matter. One of them is the ordinary baryonic matter, and the other, the so-called a dark matter. It is by primary kind of a matter. There is the evidences and the objections to such a view of nature. To add the arguments in favor of evidence to the existence of a dark matter in the space between the baryon bodies, in this article we shall re-look at the experience of PA Cherenkov 1934 about the luminescence of very fast electrons due to -rays of the radioactive elements as they pass through the liquid. In 1958, to Cherenkov, together with Tamm and Frank was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect."
-
![Sergey Georgievich Burago]()
The article develops the ideas expressed in [1,2,5,6]. It is assumed that the universe is filled with dark matter. Dark matter is in a gaseous state. The baryon bodies exist in the ocean of dark matter. Basic elementary particles are in the nature in a free or weakly bound state. These include protons and neutrons that make up an atomic nuclei and electrons, positrons, photons. It is a stable, long-lived particles. They have mass and apart from of neutron, according to modern ideas, are endowed by a positive or negative an electric charge. Photons are also involved in the electromagnetic interaction Within the elementary particles are the solid core. They continually absorb gaseous dark matter from the surrounding space. On the surface there is a phase transformation of large amounts of gaseous dark matter in the small amounts of the liquid (solid). This leads to a constant increase in the mass baryonic matter. The gaseous components of dark matter, flowing down into the nucleus, is folds into the vortex. These vortices are surrounding a solid core. Gaseous dark matter enters into the nucleus of an atom with a large circumferential velocity and spins the nucleus of an atom. We is consider the rotational motion of the nuclei of atoms and other elementary particles as a very important phenomenon that affects many, and perhaps at all in the world order. It is not considered by a science now. In this article we will try to fill this shortageю This article is an attempt to broaden our understanding of the mechanisms of interaction of elementary baryon particles with gas stream of dark matter, based on gas dynamics. Furthermore, is an attempt to better understand the internal structure of the elementary particles,
-
![Sergey Georgievich Burago]()
In the article it is assumed that the Universe is filled with a moving dark matter. Objects of usual baryon matter (such as elementary particles, solids, liquids, gases, planets, stars and galaxies) exist in the ocean of dark matter and represent special moving forms of dark matter. All baryons permanently absorb dark matter. At the surface of elementary particles takes place the phase transformation of gaseous dark matter to the liquid and the solid. It leads to the permanent increase of the mass of the baryon matter. From these assumptions follows the law of universal gravity. All major parameters of the gaseous dark matter, namely, density, pressure, velocity, etc. are determined by using the laws of continuum mechanics and the available observation data. It is shown that the stock of dark energy of the Universe (energy of dark matter) is very huge and the dark energy plays the important role in the energy balance of all objects of baryon matter including the galaxies, stars and planets.
Уиппл Ф. Земля, Луна и планеты
- С Г Бураго
- Теории Большого Взрыва
- Researchgate
Бураго С. Г. О теории Большого взрыва. ResearchGate. Working Paper · March 2017. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24427.13607· 03/2017, 9. Уиппл Ф. Земля, Луна и планеты.-М.: Гостехтеоризд, 1948.
Новые и суперновые звезды. М.: Наука, 1985. 11. Гуревич Л.Э. Происхождение галактик и звезд
- Ю П Покровский
Покровский Ю.П. Новые и суперновые звезды. М.: Наука, 1985. 11. Гуревич Л.Э. Происхождение галактик и звезд. -М.: Наука, 1983
Тиморева Курс общей физики. Физматгиз
- С Э Фриш
С.Э.Фриш, А.В. Тиморева Курс общей физики. Физматгиз.1961.
Космические объекты в океане межзвездной темной материи ResearchGate
- С Г Бураго
Бураго С.Г. Космические объекты в океане межзвездной темной материи ResearchGate. Oct.2016. Book. pp.210
Posted by: dannieyen.blogspot.com
Source: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330766543_About_some_misconceptions_of_astrophysic
